InstaDApp is an autonomous banking portal that runs on top of emerging blockchain-based financial protocols such as MakerDAO, Uniswap, or Compound. Its mission is to simplify everyday banking needs, such as taking loans, lending money, swapping tokens, and taking leveraged positions.
InstaDApp provides an interface on top of other DeFi protocols. Its target userbase is users who lack advanced technical or financial experience. It helps users manage CDPs, including providing the ability to wipe or add collateral to 3rd-party CDPs, keep track of CDP activity via email or Telegram, and save gas by bundling transactions. For example, a user with a CDP can withdraw Dai, buy ETH, and lock that ETH, all with a single transaction.
For each user, InstaDapp creates a unique smart contract – called a “UserWallet.” This wallet contract allows the user to execute external code (using delegatecall) from logic contracts that have been whitelisted by InstaDapp admins. This way, new functionality can be added even after a wallet has been created.
To keep a record of existing wallets and whitelisted logic contracts, InstaDapp uses the InstaRegistry contract. The admins of this contract have the ability to “enable” or “disable” logic contracts (that is, the ability to add or remove logic contracts from the whitelist). Logic contracts may be whitelisted in one of two ways: They can be classified as standard logic contracts, or they can be classified as “static” logic contracts.
If a logic contract is classified as a “static” logic contract, then it cannot ever be removed from the whitelist. This has significant security implications. In particular, any functionality needed for the user to withdraw their assets from InstaDapp should be classified as “static,” because this ensures that the user can always exit InstaDapp even if the InstaRegistry admins become malicious or compromised.
The InstaRegistry contract also allows anyone to create new wallets (via either of its two build functions). It provides functionality for the owner of a UserWallet to transfer ownership to another account. It also gives the admins of the InstaRegistry contract the ability to change the InstaRegistry admin addresses and register other privileged roles.
InstaDapp is a live project on Ethereum’s mainnet. The code we audited is the code located at the address 0x498b3bfabe9f73db90d252bcd4fa9548cd0fd981, as verified by Etherscan. This consists of the two top-level contracts: UserWallet and InstaRegistry. We audited these two contracts and the contracts from which they inherit.
The InstaRegistry contract is used to deploy new UserWallet instances, track the ownership of UserWallet instances that it deploys, and approve/disapprove logic proxy contracts that can be used by the UserWallet instances that it has deployed. It is not intended to hold any valuable assets.
The UserWallet contracts are the only contracts intended to hold any valuable assets. UserWallet contracts are built using a proxy pattern that allows their functionality to be extended using proxy logic contracts that have been approved by the InstaRegistry contract.
We did not audit any logic proxy contracts as part of this audit. Since proxy logic contracts can manipulate the state of UserWallet contracts when called by the owners of the UserWallet (including transferring valuable assets out of the wallet), we recommend that any proxy logic contracts also be audited before they are invoked by users.
The code verified by Etherscan is the same as the code found in the UserWallet.sol and InstaRegistry.sol files at commit 4863c0c4156af7ded9cdb38b66e5f5e527c4a6d0.
The contracts in scope were:
The following contracts were explicitly not in scope:
Here we share our findings and recommendations.
A quick note for clarification. The WalletRegistry contract has two separate functions that share the same name: the build() function and the build(address _owner) function. These two functions do not have identical parameter types, so there is no risk of function signature collision. However, it would be confusing to readers of this report if we were to refer to “the build function” ambiguously. To avoid such confusion, we will disambiguate by always including the input parameters when referring to one of these functions. That is, we will say build() when referring to the former build function and build(address _owner) when referring to the latter build function.
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An active attacker can prevent the owner of a wallet from transferring wallet ownership. The attack works as follows:
The attacker can front-run all transactions calling setOwner(X) with a transaction that calls build(X).
This makes proxies[X] not equal to UserWallet(0) when the setOwner(X) transactions is processed, causing the require statement on line 139 to revert. The result is that the attacker prevents the transfer of wallet ownership.
Consider restricting access to the build(address _owner) function so that it may be called only from the InstaRegistry address and (optionally) a set of whitelisted third-party addresses.
Even if the calls to build(address _owner) are restricted (as mentioned in the issue “Transfer of wallet ownership can be DoSed — Method 1”), an attacker may prevent owners of wallets from transferring ownership. This second method of preventing ownership transfers works as follows.
The attacker can front-run each transaction of the form setOwner(X) with a single transaction that performs both of the following functions atomically:
build() to create a new UserWallet instance that the attacker controls.X by calling setOwner(X) on the attacker’s new UserWallet instance.(These two actions can be performed atomically in a single transaction by creating an exploit contract that performs both functions in a single function call.)
As before, this results in proxies[X] not being equal to UserWallet(0) when the setOwner(X) transaction is processed — causing a revert at line 139 of InstaRegistry.sol, and thus preventing the honest user from transferring ownership.
Consider implementing an “active ownership acceptance” scheme that requires newly proposed owners to accept ownership actively. For example, ownership transfer would be a two-step process where:
acceptOwnershipTransfer()) in order to claim ownership.For an audited example of this pattern, see Micah Zoltu’s recoverable wallet contract.
This active ownership acceptance scheme would prevent this method of DoS’ing ownership transfer, as well as prevent accidental burning of UserWallets by inexperienced users transferring their wallet ownership to an inactive address (or to a contract that is not equipped to interact with UserWallets).
If the admin or owner of the InstaRegistry contract mistakenly calls the setAddress function without explicitly entering an input for the _userAddress parameter (a common user error when interacting with contracts), some front-ends may interpret the missing address parameter as the zero address having been passed as the _userAddress parameter. This would result in the admin or owner mistakenly burning their admin/owner rights.
Consider adding a require statement in the setAddress function that would revert if the _userAddress parameter is the zero address. This would protect against the accidental burning of admin/owner rights. (Intentional burning of admin/owner rights would still be possible.)
The UserWallet contract includes two undocumented assembly blocks. The first one is in the note modifier and the second one is in the excecute function.
While this does not pose a security risk per se, these are a critical part of the system and should be better documented. For assembly blocks, we highly recommend that every line of assembly be explained using code comments. This helps improve the readability and understandability of these critical sections of code.
Also note that the use of assembly discards several important safety features of Solidity, which can render the code less safe and more error-prone. Consider implementing thorough tests to cover all potential use cases of these functions to ensure they behave as expected.
The UserNote contract implements the note modifier, which logs information when the execute function is called. Inside of the modifier, there is an assembly block which stores information from the transaction in the local variables foo and bar, which are then emitted during the LogNote event.
The bar variable is set via bar := calldataload(36), which contains the position of data in memory instead of the actual data itself. If the intention is to log the actual data and not just the position of the data, then consider changing this block of code and writing tests to ensure it is behaving as expected. Also, consider updating the comments/documentation for this assembly block to explain its purpose.
There are various issues related to the NatSpec documentation in the code. We list several of them here as a single issue. We consider the NatSpec documentation to be part of the contract’s public API, so NatSpec-related issues are assigned a higher severity than other code-comment related issues.
AddressRegistry contract.LogicRegistry contract.LogicRegistry contract.logic function is empty / does not explain what the logic function does.logicStatic function is empty / does not explain what the logicStatic function does.constructor function is incorrect / misleading.record function contains a misspelling.isAuth modifier should have a @return tag.execute function should have a @return tag.Consider removing empty tags, adding @return tags where needed, using @dev tags to describe the intended use of contracts/functions, and otherwise addressing the above-listed issues. See the Solidity Documentation for more information.
An attacker can cause all honest users’ wallet-creation transactions to fail. The honest user will still end up with a functioning wallet that they control, but their wallet software (i.e., MetaMask) will display an error saying that their wallet-creation transaction was unsuccessful (reverted). The attack works as follows:
An attacker can front-run all calls to build() or build(address _owner) with their own call to build(address _owner) with the _owner parameter set to the honest user’s address. This results in the honest user’s transaction being reverted at line 127 of InstaRegistry.sol.
The honest user will still end up with a functioning wallet that they control because the attacker’s transaction will have created it for them. However, the failed transaction message could be confusing for unsophisticated users, and could also increase the complexity for front-end developers who would have to handle that edge case.
Consider restricting access to the build(address _owner) function so that it may be called only from the InstaRegistry address and (optionally) a set of whitelisted third-party addresses.
Even if the calls to build(address _owner) are restricted (as mentioned in the issues “Transfer of wallet ownership can be DoSed — Method 1” and “Wallet creation transactions can be made to fail — Method 1”) an attacker may cause all honest users’ wallet-creation transactions to fail. As before, the honest user will still end up with a functioning wallet that they control, but their wallet software (i.e., MetaMask) will display an error saying that their wallet-creation transaction was unsuccessful (reverted). This second method of causing wallet creation transactions to fail works as follows.
An attacker can front-run all calls to build() or build(address _owner) with a single transaction that performs both of the following actions:
build() to create a new UserWallet instance that the attacker controls.setOwner(address nextOwner) on the attacker’s new UserWallet instance and passing the honest user’s address as the nextOwner parameter.(These two actions can be performed atomically in a single transaction by creating an exploit contract that performs both functions in a single function call.)
The honest user will still end up with a functioning wallet that they control because the attacker’s transaction will have created one and transferred ownership to the honest user. However, the failed transaction message could be confusing for unsophisticated users, and could also increase the complexity for front-end developers who would have to handle that edge case.
To prevent this, consider implementing the “active ownership acceptance” scheme recommended in the “Transfer of wallet ownership can be DoSed — Method 2” issue.
A common mistake for users to make is calling a function while forgetting to pass an explicit value for one or more of the function’s parameters. When this occurs, the missing input may be interpreted as the default, uninitialized value for its given type. For example, failure to provide a uint256 parameter when calling a function through Remix results in the uint256 parameter being interpreted as 0.
If a user makes this kind of mistake when calling the setOwner function of their UserWallet, they may mistakenly burn ownership of their wallet by assigning ownership to the zero address. While this can happen to at-most one user, it may still be a concern.
To prevent this, consider using a require statement in the setOwner function to ensure that the nextOwner parameter is not the zero address.
Alternatively, consider implementing the “active ownership acceptance” scheme recommended in the “Transfer of wallet ownership can be DoSed — Method 2” issue.
A third alternative, which would not require redeploying any of the live contracts, would be to call build(address _owner) with the zero address passed as the _owner parameter. This will create a new UserWallet for the zero address, which will make proxies[0] != UserWallet(0), which will prevent any future user from transferring ownership of their wallet to the zero address mistakenly.
The AddressRegistry contract has a mapping named registry that maps (hashes of) a role to the address that has that role. Importantly, this means that each role can have only one address that has that role.
Two important roles are the admin and owner roles, which are the only two roles who have access to functions with the isAdmin modifier. The setAddress function has the isAdmin modifier and can be used to create new roles. It can also be used to change the address to which an existing role maps. Any revocation of roles must be done via the setAddress function — for example, by setting the address of a role to the zero address.
These access controls work as intended but are limiting in the sense that only one address can have each role. The admin and owner roles have identical power in the existing contracts. It seems as though having these two different roles is a way to hack around the limitation that each role type can have only one address associated with it.
Consider using a more flexible role-management pattern that would allow more than one address of each role type, such as OpenZeppelin’s Role Library. You can see an example of how to use it in the MinterRole contract.
This approach would allow for more flexibility when you want to have multiple addresses with the same role.
A UserWallet can be created by the InstaRegistry build function, but then end up not being in the image of proxies mapping.
This can happen if the owner of the UserWallet calls setOwner with the InstaRegistry address as the nextOwner parameter. Then, the next time anyone calls the build() or build(address _owner) functions again, the original UserWallet will be overwritten in the proxies mapping at line 129 of InstaRegistry.sol, and thus no longer appear in the image of the proxies mapping at all.
If this is considered undesirable behavior, consider requiring that the record function cannot have its _nextOwner parameter be equal to the InstaRegistry address. Alternatively, consider implementing the “active ownership acceptance” scheme” recommended in the “Transfer of wallet ownership can be DoSed — Method 2” issue.
The execute function of the UserWallet contract uses a delegatecall to a user-inputted logic proxy contract. This appears to be a clone of MakerDAO’s delagate call pattern.
In that delegatecall, the gas parameter is set to sub(gas, 5000). The reason for this value is not documented. Presumably, this is to ensure there is enough gas (i.e. at least 5000) remaining to finish executing the rest of the assembly block. This could potentially be a problematic approach because the gas cost of opcodes can change (see EIP 1884 as an example), which could result in insufficient gas issues in the future.
Consider setting the value to sub(gas, minRemainingGas), where minRemainingGas is either a user-inputted parameter or a user-settable global variable.
Several variables, functions, and parameters have names that do not represent their purpose clearly. This is most severe in the UserNote contract. To improve readability, consider renaming them to reflect their purposes more clearly. Our suggestions for renaming are:
LogSetOwner to OwnerChanged,auth to onlyAuthorized,setOwner to changeOwner,isAuth to isAuthorized.LogSetAddress to UpdatedRole,registry to rolesRegistry,getAddress() to getRoleAddress(),setAddress() to setRoleAddress(),isAdmin to hasPermission,_name to _roleName,_userAddress to _actorAddress.logicProxiesStatic to staticLogicProxies,logic to hasLogic,logicStatic to hasStaticLogic.Created to WalletCreated,LogRecord to TransferedOwnership,proxies to walletRegistry,proxy to wallet.Some functions that return values do so explicitly. For example, the logic and logicStatic functions both explicitly return their return values.
However, other functions do not return their return values explicitly. For example, the build(address _owner) and record functions do not use explicit return statements.
Consider using explicit returns instead of implicit returns on all functions with a return value. This helps prevent regressions that may occur when code changes over time.
Many functions are given public visibility when they could be restricted to external. We recommend restricting function visibility as much as possible because it saves gas and simplifies security analysis. Consider setting the visibility of the following functions to external:
setAddress function of the AddressRegistry contract.
The setOwner function of the UserAuth contract.
Every function in the LogicRegistry contract.
The build function of the WalletRegistry contract.
The record of the WalletRegistry contract.
The violation of the checks-effects-interactions pattern in the setOwner function of UserWallet.sol could allow for benign reentrancy if the registry address were ever the address of a malicious contract.
This is not problematic in this case. However, to follow best practices, consider moving the the call to the record function to the very bottom of the setOwner function.
The comment on line 124 of InstaRegistry.sol suggests that the build(address _owner) function throws if msg.sender is not a proxy contract created by the InstaRegistry contract. However, this is not true. It appears as though this comment was intended for the record function.
Consider moving this comment immediately above the record function.
The registry mapping variable in the AddressRegistry contract is implicitly public. Consider making the visibility explicit to improve readability.
In most cases, function and modifier parameter names are indicated with an underscore. But in logicAuth, setOwner, and isAuth they are not. Consider making this consistent for readability.
The UserWallet contract relies upon the logic proxy contracts to perform ETH withdraws. Consider providing a native ETH-withdrawal function in the UserWallet contract. Otherwise, consider adding an ETH-withdrawal function via a static logic proxy.
Update: The InstaDApp team has informed us that the deployed InstaRegistry contract has approved an ETH-withdrawal function as a static logic proxy. We did not audit this ETH-withdrawal function because it was out of scope.
The test coverage for the contracts is quite sparse. Consider writing more tests for better coverage.
To improve readability, consider using uint256 instead of its alias uint everywhere.
The logicStatic function in the LogicRegistry contract is unnecessary, as it duplicates the public logicProxiesStatic getter.
Consider removing the logicStatic function and using the public logicProxiesStatic mapping getter.
To favor explicitness and readability, declaring the return variables during the body of the function instead of doing it in the function definition is preferred.
Consider declaring the output response inside the function body, and explicitly return the variable once the code flow finishes.
web3 is currently included as a dependency in the package.json file as "web3": "^1.0.0-beta.37". Developers should be aware of issue #2266 introduced in web3 v1.0.0-beta.38, where custom providers are not accepted, which could introduce unexpected bugs in the project.
Consider pinning the web3 dependency to a fixed version (e.g. "web3": "1.0.0-beta.37") or update to the latest version where this issue is solved.
No critical or high severity issues were found. Some changes were proposed to follow best practices, improve extensibility, and reduce potential attack surface.
If you are interested in a non-technical overview of this audit, we present a summary of the system as it relates to the audit as well as a couple of interesting findings in our summary article.